Avatar |
Theatrical release poster
|
Directed by | James Cameron |
Produced by |
|
Written by | James Cameron |
Starring |
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Music by | James Horner |
Cinematography | Mauro Fiore |
Edited by |
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Production
company
|
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Distributed by | 20th Century Fox |
Release date
|
- December 10, 2009 (2009-12-10) (London premiere)
- December 17, 2009 (2009-12-17) (United Kingdom)
- December 18, 2009 (2009-12-18) (United States)
|
Running time
| 161 minutes[1] |
Country | United States
United Kingdom[2] |
Language | English |
Budget | $237 million[3]
$9 million+ (re-release)[4] |
Box office | $2.788 billion[5][6] |
Avatar, marketed as
James Cameron's Avatar, is a 2009 American
[7][8] epic science fiction film directed, written, produced, and co-edited by
James Cameron, and starring
Sam Worthington,
Zoe Saldana,
Stephen Lang,
Michelle Rodriguez, and
Sigourney Weaver. The film is set in the mid-22nd century, when humans are colonizing
Pandora, a lush
habitable moon of a
gas giant in the
Alpha Centauri star system, in order to mine the mineral
unobtanium,
[9][10] a
room-temperature superconductor.
[11] The expansion of the mining colony threatens the continued existence of a local tribe of
Na'vi – a
humanoid species indigenous to Pandora. The film's title refers to a
genetically engineered Na'vi body with the mind of a remotely located human that is used to interact with the natives of Pandora.
[12]
Development of
Avatar began in 1994, when Cameron wrote an 80-page treatment for the film.
[13][14] Filming was supposed to take place after the completion of Cameron's 1997 film
Titanic, for a planned release in 1999,
[15] but, according to Cameron, the necessary technology was not yet available to achieve his vision of the film.
[16] Work on
the language of the film's
extraterrestrial beings began in 2005, and Cameron began developing the screenplay and
fictional universe in early 2006.
[17][18] Avatar was officially budgeted at $237 million.
[3] Other estimates put the cost between $280 million and $310 million for production and at $150 million for promotion.
[19][20][21] The film made extensive use of new
motion capture filming techniques, and was released for traditional viewing,
3D viewing (using the
RealD 3D,
Dolby 3D,
XpanD 3D, and
IMAX 3D formats), and for "
4D" experiences in select South Korean theaters.
[22] The
stereoscopic filmmaking was touted as a breakthrough in cinematic technology.
[23]
Avatar premiered in London on
December 10, 2009, and was internationally released on
December 16 and in the United States and Canada on
December 18, to positive critical reviews, with critics highly praising its groundbreaking visual effects.
[24][25][26] During its theatrical run, the film broke several box office records and became the
highest-grossing film of all time, as well as in the
United States and Canada,
[27] surpassing
Titanic, which had held those records for twelve years (and was also directed by Cameron).
[28] It also became the first film to gross more than
$2 billion[29] and the
best-selling film of 2010 in the United States.
Avatar was nominated for nine
Academy Awards, including
Best Picture and
Best Director,
[30] and won three, for
Best Art Direction,
Best Cinematography and
Best Visual Effects. Following the film's success, Cameron signed with
20th Century Fox to produce three sequels, making
Avatar the first of a planned tetralogy.
[31] On April 14, 2016, Cameron confirmed that there were now plans for four sequels.
Avatar 2 was scheduled for release in December 2018 before being delayed, with the sequels following in December 2020, 2022, and 2023, respectively.
[32] The sequels are scheduled for release in 2020, 2021, 2024 and 2025.
[33]
Plot
By 2154, humans have depleted
Earth's natural resources, leading to a severe energy crisis. The Resources Development Administration (RDA for short) mines for a valuable mineral —
unobtanium — on Pandora, a densely forested
habitable moon orbiting the
gas giant Polyphemus in the
Alpha Centauri star system.
[10] Pandora, whose atmosphere is poisonous to humans, is inhabited by the
Na'vi, a species of 10-foot tall (3.0 m), blue-skinned,
sapient humanoids
[34] that live in harmony with nature and worship a
mother goddess named
Eywa.
To explore Pandora's
biosphere, scientists use Na'vi-human hybrids called "avatars," operated by genetically matched humans; Jake Sully, a paraplegic former
Marine, replaces his deceased identical twin brother as an operator of one. Dr. Grace Augustine, head of the Avatar Program, considers Sully an inadequate replacement but accepts his assignment as a bodyguard. While protecting the avatars of Grace and fellow scientist Dr. Norm Spellman as they collect biological data, Jake's avatar is attacked by a
thanator and flees into the forest, where he is rescued by Neytiri, a female Na'vi. Witnessing an auspicious sign, she takes him to her clan, whereupon Neytiri's mother Mo'at, the clan's spiritual leader, orders her daughter to initiate Jake into their society.
Colonel Miles Quaritch, head of RDA's
private security force, promises Jake that the company will restore his legs if he gathers information about the Na'vi and the clan's gathering place, a giant tree called Hometree,
[35] on grounds that it stands above the richest deposit of unobtanium in the area. When Grace learns of this, she transfers herself, Jake, and Norm to an
outpost. Over the following three months, Jake grows to sympathize with the natives. After Jake is initiated into the tribe, he and Neytiri choose each other as mates, and soon afterward, Jake reveals his change of allegiance when he attempts to disable a bulldozer that threatens to destroy a sacred Na'vi site. When Quaritch shows a video recording of Jake's attack on the bulldozer to Administrator Parker Selfridge,
[36] and another in which Jake admits that the Na'vi will never abandon Hometree, Selfridge orders Hometree destroyed.
Despite Grace's argument that destroying Hometree could damage the
biological neural network native to Pandora, Selfridge gives Jake and Grace one hour to convince the Na'vi to evacuate before commencing the attack. While trying to warn the Na'vi, Jake confesses to being a spy and the Na'vi take him and Grace captive. Seeing this, Quaritch's men destroy Hometree, killing Neytiri's father (the clan chief) and many others. Mo'at frees Jake and Grace, but they are detached from their avatars and imprisoned by Quaritch's forces. Pilot Trudy Chacón, disgusted by Quaritch's brutality, carries them to Grace's outpost, but during the escape, Quaritch fires at them, hitting Grace.
To regain the Na'vi's trust, Jake connects his mind to that of Toruk, a dragon-like predator feared and honored by the Na'vi. Jake finds the refugees at the sacred
Tree of Souls and pleads with Mo'at to heal Grace. The clan attempts to transfer Grace from her human body into her avatar with the aid of the Tree of Souls, but she dies before the process can be completed.
Supported by the new chief Tsu'tey, who acts as Jake's translator, Jake speaks to unite the clan and tells them to gather all of the clans to battle against the RDA. Noticing the impending gathering, Quaritch organizes a
pre-emptive strike against the Tree of Souls, believing that its destruction will demoralize the natives. On the eve of battle, Jake prays to Eywa, via a neural connection to the Tree of Souls, to intercede on behalf of the Na'vi.
During the subsequent battle, the Na'vi suffer heavy casualties, including Tsu'tey and Trudy; but are rescued when
Pandoran wildlife unexpectedly join the attack and overwhelm the humans, which Neytiri interprets as Eywa's answer to Jake's prayer. Jake destroys a makeshift bomber before it can reach the Tree of Souls; Quaritch escapes from his own damaged aircraft, wearing an
AMP suit and breaks open the avatar link unit containing Jake's human body, exposing it to Pandora's poisonous atmosphere. Quaritch prepares to slit the throat of Jake's avatar, but Neytiri kills Quaritch and saves Jake from suffocation.
With the exceptions of Jake, Norm, Max (another scientist), and a select few others, all humans are expelled from Pandora and sent back to Earth, after which Jake is transferred permanently into his avatar with the aid of the Tree of Souls.
Cast
- Humans
- Sam Worthington as Jake Sully, a disabled former Marine who becomes part of the Avatar Program after his twin brother is killed. His military background helps the Na'vi warriors relate to him. Cameron cast the Australian actor after a worldwide search for promising young actors, preferring relative unknowns to keep the budget down.[37] Worthington, who was living in his car at the time,[38] auditioned twice early in development,[39] and he has signed on for possible sequels.[40] Cameron felt that because Worthington had not done a major film, he would give the character "a quality that is really real". Cameron said he "has that quality of being a guy you'd want to have a beer with, and he ultimately becomes a leader who transforms the world".[41]
- Stephen Lang as Colonel Miles Quaritch, the head of the mining operation's security detail. Fiercely loyal to his military code, he has a profound disregard for Pandora's inhabitants that is evident in both his actions and his language. Lang had unsuccessfully auditioned for a role in Cameron's Aliens (1986), but the director remembered Lang and sought him for Avatar.[42] Michael Biehn, who was in Aliens, read the script and watched some of the 3-D footage with Cameron,[43] but was ultimately not cast in the role.
- Sigourney Weaver as Dr. Grace Augustine, an exobiologist and head of the Avatar Program. She is also Sully's mentor and an advocate of peaceful relations with the Na'vi, having set up a school to teach them English.[44]
- Michelle Rodriguez as Trudy Chacón, a combat pilot assigned to support the Avatar Program who is sympathetic to the Na'vi. Cameron had wanted to work with Rodriguez since seeing her in Girlfight.[42]
- Giovanni Ribisi as Parker Selfridge, the corporate administrator for the RDA mining operation.[45] While he is at first willing to destroy the Na'vi civilization to preserve the company's bottom line, he is reluctant to authorize the attacks on the Na'vi and taint his image, doing so only after Quaritch persuades him that it is necessary, and the attacks will be humane. When the attacks are broadcast to the base, Selfridge displays discomfort at the violence.
- Joel David Moore as Dr. Norm Spellman, a xenoanthropologist[46] who studies plant and animal life as part of the Avatar Program.[47] He arrives on Pandora at the same time as Sully and operates an avatar. Although he is expected to lead the diplomatic contact with the Na'vi, it turns out that Jake has the personality better suited to win the natives' respect.
- Dileep Rao as Dr. Max Patel, a scientist who works in the Avatar Program and comes to support Jake's rebellion against the RDA.[48]
- Na'vi
- Zoe Saldana as Neytiri, the daughter of the leader of the Omaticaya (the Na'vi clan central to the story). She is attracted to Jake because of his bravery, though frustrated with him for what she sees as his naiveté and stupidity. She serves as Jake's love interest.[49] The character, like all the Na'vi, was created using performance capture, and its visual aspect is entirely computer generated.[50] Saldana has also signed on for potential sequels.[51]
- C. C. H. Pounder as Mo'at, the Omaticaya's spiritual leader, Neytiri's mother, and consort to clan leader Eytukan.[52]
- Wes Studi as Eytukan, the Omaticaya's clan leader, Neytiri's father, and Mo'at's mate.
- Laz Alonso as Tsu'tey, the finest warrior of the Omaticaya. He is heir to the chieftainship of the tribe. At the beginning of the film's story, he is betrothed to Neytiri.
Production
Origins
In 1994,
[14] director James Cameron wrote an 80-page
treatment for
Avatar, drawing inspiration from "every single science fiction book" he had read in his childhood as well as from
adventure novels by
Edgar Rice Burroughs and
H. Rider Haggard.
[13] In
August 1996, Cameron announced that after completing
Titanic, he would film
Avatar, which would make use of synthetic, or
computer-generated, actors.
[16] The project would cost $100 million and involve at least six actors in leading roles "who appear to be real but do not exist in the physical world".
[53][verification needed] Visual effects house
Digital Domain, with whom Cameron has a partnership, joined the project, which was supposed to begin production in mid-1997 for a 1999 release.
[15] However, Cameron felt that the technology had not caught up with the story and vision that he intended to tell. He decided to concentrate on making documentaries and refining the technology for the next few years. It was revealed in a
Bloomberg BusinessWeek cover story that 20th Century Fox had fronted $10 million to Cameron to film a proof-of-concept clip for
Avatar, which he showed to Fox executives in
October 2005.
[54]
In February 2006, Cameron revealed that his film
Project 880 was "a retooled version of
Avatar", a film that he had tried to make years earlier,
[55] citing the technological advances in the creation of the computer-generated characters
Gollum,
King Kong, and
Davy Jones.
[13] Cameron had chosen
Avatar over his project
Battle Angel after completing a five-day camera test in the previous year.
[56]
Development
From January to April 2006, Cameron worked on the script and developed a culture for the film's aliens, the Na'vi. Their
language was created by Dr.
Paul Frommer, a linguist at
USC.
[13] The Na'vi language has a lexicon of about 1000 words, with some 30 added by Cameron. The tongue's
phonemes include
ejective consonants (such as the "kx" in "skxawng") that are found in the
Amharic language of
Ethiopia, and the initial "ng" that Cameron may have taken from New Zealand
Māori.
[18] Actress Sigourney Weaver and the film's
set designers met with Jodie S. Holt, professor of
plant physiology at
University of California, Riverside, to learn about the methods used by
botanists to study and sample plants, and to discuss ways to explain the communication between Pandora's organisms depicted in the film.
[57]
From 2005 to 2007, Cameron worked with a handful of designers, including famed fantasy illustrator
Wayne Barlowe and renowned concept artist
Jordu Schell, to shape the design of the Na'vi with paintings and physical sculptures when Cameron felt that 3-D brush renderings were not capturing his vision,
[58] often working together in the kitchen of Cameron's
Malibu home.
[59] In
July 2006, Cameron announced that he would film
Avatar for a mid-2008 release and planned to begin principal photography with an established cast by
February 2007. The following August, the visual effects studio
Weta Digital signed on to help Cameron produce
Avatar.
[61] Stan Winston, who had collaborated with Cameron in the past, joined
Avatar to help with the film's designs.
[62] Production design for the film took several years. The film had two different production designers, and two separate art departments, one of which focused on the
flora and
fauna of Pandora, and another that created human machines and human factors.
[63] In
September 2006, Cameron was announced to be using his own
Reality Camera System to film in 3-D. The system would use two high-definition cameras in a single camera body to create depth perception.
[64]
While these preparations were underway, Fox kept wavering in its commitment to
Avatar because of its painful experience with cost overruns and delays on Cameron's previous picture,
Titanic, even though Cameron rewrote the script to combine several characters together and offered to cut his fee in case the film flopped.
[54] Cameron installed a traffic light with the amber signal lit outside of co-producer
Jon Landau's office to represent the film's uncertain future.
[54] In mid-2006, Fox told Cameron "in no uncertain terms that they were passing on this film," so he began shopping it around to other studios, and approached
Walt Disney Studios, showing his
proof-of-concept to then-chairman
Dick Cook.
[54] However, when
Disney attempted to take over, Fox exercised its
right of first refusal.
[54] In
October 2006, Fox finally agreed to commit to making
Avatar after Ingenious Media agreed to back the film, which reduced Fox's financial exposure to less than half of the film's official $237 million budget.
[54] After Fox accepted
Avatar, one skeptical Fox executive shook his head and told Cameron and Landau, "I don't know if we're crazier for letting you do this, or if you're crazier for thinking you
can do this ..."
[65]
In December 2006, Cameron described
Avatar as "a futuristic tale set on a planet 200 years hence ... an old-fashioned jungle adventure with an environmental conscience [that] aspires to a mythic level of storytelling".
[67] The
January 2007 press release described the film as "an emotional journey of redemption and revolution" and said the story is of "a wounded former Marine, thrust unwillingly into an effort to settle and exploit an exotic planet rich in
biodiversity, who eventually crosses over to lead the indigenous race in a battle for survival". The story would be of an entire world complete with an ecosystem of
phantasmagorical plants and creatures, and native people with a rich culture and language.
[51]
Estimates put the cost of the film at about $280–310 million to produce and an estimated $150 million for marketing, noting that about $30 million in
tax credits will lessen the financial impact on the studio and its financiers.
[19][20][21] A studio spokesperson said that the budget was "$237 million, with $150 million for promotion, end of story."
[3]
Themes and inspirations
Avatar is primarily an action-adventure journey of self-discovery, in the context of
imperialism and
deep ecology.
[68] Cameron said his inspiration was "every single science fiction book I read as a kid", and that he was particularly striving to update the style of
Edgar Rice Burroughs's John Carter series and the deep jungles of Pandora were visualized from Disney's 37th animated film,
Tarzan.
[39] He acknowledged that
Avatar shares themes with the films
At Play in the Fields of the Lord,
The Emerald Forest, and
Princess Mononoke, which feature clashes between cultures and civilizations, and with
Dances with Wolves, where a battered soldier finds himself drawn to the culture he was initially fighting against.
[69][70]
In a 2007 interview with
Time magazine, Cameron was asked about the meaning of the term
Avatar, to which he replied, "It's an incarnation of one of the
Hindu gods taking a flesh form. In this film what that means is that the human technology in the future is capable of injecting a human's intelligence into a remotely located body, a biological body."
[12]
Jake's avatar and Neytiri. One of the inspirations for the look of the Na'vi came from a dream that Cameron's mother had told him about.
[68]
The look of the Na'vi – the humanoids indigenous to Pandora – was inspired by a dream that Cameron's mother had, long before he started work on
Avatar. In her dream, she saw a blue-skinned woman 12 feet (
4 m) tall, which he thought was "kind of a cool image".
[68] Also he said, "I just like blue. It's a good color ... plus, there's a connection to the Hindu deities,
[71] which I like conceptually."
[72] He included similar creatures in his first screenplay (written in 1976 or 1977), which featured a planet with a native population of "gorgeous" tall blue aliens. The Na'vi were based on them.
[68]
For the love story between characters Jake and Neytiri, Cameron applied a
star-crossed love theme, and acknowledged its similarity to the pairing of Jack and Rose from his film
Titanic. An interviewer stated, "Both couples come from radically different cultures that are contemptuous of their relationship and are forced to choose sides between the competing communities."
[73] Cameron felt that whether or not the Jake and Neytiri love story would be perceived as believable partially hinged on the physical attractiveness of Neytiri's alien appearance, which was developed by considering her appeal to the all-male crew of artists.
[74] Though Cameron felt Jake and Neytiri do not fall in love right away, their portrayers (
Worthington and
Saldana) felt the characters do. Cameron said the two actors "had a great chemistry" during filming.
[73]
Pandora's floating "Hallelujah Mountains" were inspired in part by the Chinese
Huang Shan mountains (pictured).
[75]
Zhangjiajie National Forest Park
For the film's floating "Hallelujah Mountains", the designers drew inspiration from "many different types of mountains, but mainly the
karst limestone formations in China."
[76] According to production designer Dylan Cole, the fictional floating rocks were inspired by
Mount Huang (also known as Huangshan),
Guilin,
Zhangjiajie, among others around the world.
[76] Director Cameron had noted the influence of the Chinese peaks on the design of the floating mountains.
[77]
To create the interiors of the human mining colony on Pandora, production designers visited the
Noble Clyde Boudreaux[78] oil platform in the
Gulf of Mexico during
June 2007. They photographed, measured and filmed every aspect of the platform, which was later replicated on-screen with photorealistic
CGI during post-production.
[79]
Cameron said that he wanted to make "something that has this spoonful of sugar of all the action and the adventure and all that" but also have a conscience "that maybe in the enjoying of it makes you think a little bit about the way you interact with nature and your fellow man". He added that "the Na'vi represent something that is our higher selves, or our aspirational selves, what we would like to think we are" and that even though there are good humans within the film, the humans "represent what we know to be the parts of ourselves that are trashing our world and maybe condemning ourselves to a grim future".
[80]
Cameron acknowledges that
Avatar implicitly criticizes the United States' role in the
Iraq War and the impersonal nature of
mechanized warfare in general. In reference to the use of the term
shock and awe in the film, Cameron said, "We know what it feels like to launch the missiles. We don't know what it feels like for them to land on our home soil, not in America."
[81] He said in later interviews, "... I think it's very patriotic to question a system that needs to be corralled ..."
[82] and, "The film is definitely not anti-American."
[83] A scene in the film portrays the violent destruction of the towering Na'vi Hometree, which collapses in flames after a missile attack, coating the landscape with ash and floating embers. Asked about the scene's resemblance to the
September 11 attacks on the
World Trade Center, Cameron said he had been "surprised at how much it did look like
September 11".
[81]
Filming
Principal photography for
Avatar began in
April 2007 in Los Angeles and
Wellington, New Zealand. Cameron described the film as a hybrid with a full live-action shoot in combination with computer-generated characters and live environments. "Ideally at the end of the day the audience has no idea which they're looking at," Cameron said. The director indicated that he had already worked four months on nonprincipal scenes for the film.
[84] The live action was shot with a modified version of the proprietary digital 3-D
Fusion Camera System, developed by Cameron and Vince Pace.
[85] In
January 2007, Fox had announced that
3-D filming for
Avatar would be done at 24 frames per second despite Cameron's strong opinion that a 3-D film requires higher
frame rate to make
strobing less noticeable.
[86] According to Cameron, the film is composed of 60% computer-generated elements and 40% live action, as well as traditional
miniatures.
[87]
Motion-capture photography lasted 31 days at the
Hughes Aircraft stage in
Playa Vista in Los Angeles.
[56][88] Live action photography began in
October 2007 at Stone Street Studios in
Wellington, New Zealand, and was scheduled to last 31 days.
[89] More than a thousand people worked on the production.
[88] In preparation of the filming sequences, all of the actors underwent professional training specific to their characters such as archery, horseback riding, firearm use, and hand-to-hand combat. They received language and dialect training in the Na'vi language created for the film.
[90] Before shooting the film, Cameron also sent the cast to the
Hawaiian tropical rainforests[91] to get a feel for a rainforest setting before shooting on the soundstage.
[90]
During filming, Cameron made use of his
virtual camera system, a new way of directing motion-capture filmmaking. The system shows the actors' virtual counterparts in their digital surroundings in real time, allowing the director to adjust and direct scenes just as if shooting live action. According to Cameron, "It's like a big, powerful
game engine. If I want to fly through space, or change my perspective, I can. I can turn the whole scene into a living miniature and go through it on a 50 to 1 scale."
[92] Using conventional techniques, the complete virtual world cannot be seen until the motion-capture of the actors is complete. Cameron said this process does not diminish the value or importance of acting. On the contrary, because there is no need for repeated camera and lighting setups, costume fittings and make-up touch-ups, scenes do not need to be interrupted repeatedly.
[93] Cameron described the system as a "form of pure creation where if you want to move a tree or a mountain or the sky or change the time of day, you have complete control over the elements".
[94]
Cameron gave fellow directors
Steven Spielberg and
Peter Jackson a chance to test the new technology.
[67] Spielberg said, "I like to think of it as digital makeup, not augmented animation ... Motion capture brings the director back to a kind of intimacy that actors and directors only know when they're working in live theater."
[93] Spielberg and
George Lucas were also able to visit the set to watch Cameron direct with the equipment.
[95]
To film the shots where CGI interacts with live action, a unique camera referred to as a "simulcam" was used, a merger of the 3-D fusion camera and the virtual camera systems. While filming live action in real time with the simulcam, the CGI images captured with the virtual camera or designed from scratch, are superimposed over the live action images as in
augmented reality and shown on a small monitor, making it possible for the director to instruct the actors how to relate to the virtual material in the scene.
[90]
Visual effects
Cameron pioneered a specially designed camera built into a 6-inch boom that allowed the facial expressions of the actors to be captured and digitally recorded for the animators to use later.
[96]
A number of innovative
visual effects techniques were used during production. According to Cameron, work on the film had been delayed since the 1990s to allow the techniques to reach the necessary degree of advancement to adequately portray his vision of the film.
[15][16] The director planned to make use of photorealistic computer-generated characters, created using new
motion capture animation technologies he had been developing in the 14 months leading up to
December 2006.
[92]
Innovations include a new system for lighting massive areas like Pandora's jungle,
[97] a
motion-capture stage or "volume" six times larger than any previously used, and an improved method of capturing facial expressions, enabling full
performance capture. To achieve the face capturing, actors wore individually made
skull caps fitted with a tiny camera positioned in front of the actors' faces; the information collected about their facial expressions and eyes is then transmitted to computers.
[98] According to Cameron, the method allows the filmmakers to transfer 100% of the actors' physical performances to their digital counterparts.
[99] Besides the performance capture data which were transferred directly to the computers, numerous reference cameras gave the digital artists multiple angles of each performance.
[100] A technically challenging scene was near the end of the film when the computer-generated Neytiri held the live action Jake in human form, and attention was given to the details of the shadows and reflected light between them.
[101]
The lead visual effects company was
Weta Digital in
Wellington, New Zealand, at one point employing 900 people to work on the film.
[102] Because of the huge amount of data which needed to be stored, cataloged and available for everybody involved, even on the other side of the world, a new
cloud computing and
Digital Asset Management (DAM) system named Gaia was created by Microsoft especially for
Avatar, which allowed the crews to keep track of and coordinate all stages in the digital processing.
[103] To render
Avatar, Weta used a 10,000 sq ft (930 m
2)
server farm making use of 4,000
Hewlett-Packard servers with 35,000 processor cores with 104 terabytes of RAM and three petabytes of network area storage running
Ubuntu Linux,
Grid Engine cluster manager, and 2 of the animation software and managers,
Pixar's
RenderMan and Pixar's Alfred
queue management system.
[104][105][106][107] The
render farm occupies the 193rd to 197th spots in the
TOP500 list of the world's most powerful
supercomputers. A new texturing and paint software system, called Mari, was developed by The Foundry in cooperation with Weta.
[108][109] Creating the Na'vi characters and the virtual world of Pandora required over a
petabyte of digital storage,
[110] and each minute of the final footage for
Avatar occupies 17.28
gigabytes of storage.
[111] Often, it would take each frame of the movie several hours to render.
[112] To help finish preparing the special effects sequences on time, a number of other companies were brought on board, including
Industrial Light & Magic, which worked alongside Weta Digital to create the battle sequences. ILM was responsible for the visual effects for many of the film's specialized vehicles and devised a new way to make CGI explosions.
[113] Joe Letteri was the film's visual effects general supervisor.
[114]
Music and soundtrack
|
listen to a clip from the score of the 2009 film Avatar.
|
Problems playing this file? See media help. |
Composer
James Horner scored the film, his third collaboration with Cameron after
Aliens and
Titanic.
[115] Horner recorded parts of the score with a small chorus singing in the alien language Na'vi in
March 2008.
[116] He also worked with Wanda Bryant, an
ethnomusicologist, to create a music culture for the alien race.
[117] The first scoring sessions were planned to take place in early 2009.
[118] During production, Horner promised Cameron that he would not work on any other project except for
Avatar and reportedly worked on the score from four in the morning till ten at night throughout the process. He stated in an interview, "
Avatar has been the most difficult film I have worked on and the biggest job I have undertaken."
[119] Horner composed the score as two different scores merged into one. He first created a score that reflected the Na'vi way of sound and then combined it with a separate "traditional" score to drive the film.
[90] British singer
Leona Lewis was chosen to sing the theme song for the film, called "
I See You". An accompanying music video, directed by
Jake Nava, premiered
December 15, 2009, on MySpace.
[120]
Marketing
Promotions
The first photo of the film was released on
August 14, 2009,
[121] and
Empire released exclusive images from the film in its October issue.
[122] Cameron, producer
Jon Landau,
Zoe Saldana,
Stephen Lang, and
Sigourney Weaver appeared at a panel, moderated by
Tom Rothman, at the 2009
San Diego Comic-Con on
July 23. Twenty-five minutes of footage was screened
[123] in
Dolby 3D.
[124] Weaver and Cameron appeared at additional panels to promote the film, speaking on the 23rd
[125] and 24th
[126] respectively. James Cameron announced at the Comic-Con Avatar Panel that
August 21 will be 'Avatar Day'. On this day, the trailer was released in all theatrical formats. The official game trailer and toy line of the film were also unveiled on this day.
[127]
The 129-second trailer was released online on
August 20, 2009.
[128] The new 210-second trailer was premiered in theatres on
October 23, 2009, then soon after premiered online on Yahoo! on
October 29, 2009, to positive reviews.
[129][130] An extended version in
IMAX 3D received overwhelmingly positive reviews.
[128] The Hollywood Reporter said that audience expectations were coloured by "the [same] establishment skepticism that preceded
Titanic" and suggested the showing reflected the desire for original storytelling.
[131] The teaser has been among the most viewed trailers in the history of film marketing, reaching the first place of all trailers viewed on Apple.com with 4 million views.
[132] On October 30, to celebrate the opening of the first 3-D cinema in Vietnam, Fox allowed Megastar Cinema to screen exclusive 16 minutes of Avatar to a number of press.
[133] The three-and-a-half-minute trailer of the film premiered live on
November 1, 2009, during a
Dallas Cowboys football game at
Cowboys Stadium in Arlington, Texas, on the Diamond Vision screen, one of the world's largest video displays, and to TV audiences viewing the game on
Fox. It is said to be the largest live motion picture trailer viewing in history.
[134]
The Coca-Cola Company collaborated with Fox to launch a worldwide marketing campaign to promote the film. The highlight of the campaign was the website AVTR.com. Specially marked bottles and cans of
Coca-Cola Zero, when held in front of a webcam, enabled users to interact with the website's 3-D features using augmented reality (AR) technology.
[135] The film was heavily promoted in an episode of the
Fox Network series
Bones in the episode "The Gamer In The Grease" (Season 5, Episode 9).
Avatar star
Joel David Moore has a recurring role on the program, and is seen in the episode anxiously awaiting the release of the film.
[136] A week prior to the American release, Zoe Saldana promoted the film on
Adult Swim when she was interviewed by an animated
Space Ghost.
[137] McDonald's had a promotion mentioned in television commercials in Europe called "Avatarize yourself", which encouraged people to go to the website set up by
Oddcast, and use a photograph of themselves to change into a Na'vi.
[138]
Books
Avatar: A Confidential Report on the Biological and Social History of Pandora, a 224-page book in the form of a field guide to the film's fictional setting of the planet of Pandora, was released by
Harper Entertainment on
November 24, 2009.
[139] It is presented as a compilation of data collected by the humans about Pandora and the life on it, written by Maria Wilhelm and Dirk Mathison. HarperFestival also released Wilhelm's 48-page
James Cameron's Avatar: The Reusable Scrapbook for children.
[140] The Art of Avatar was released on
November 30, 2009, by
Abrams Books. The book features detailed production artwork from the film, including production sketches, illustrations by Lisa Fitzpatrick, and film stills. Producer
Jon Landau wrote the foreword, Cameron wrote the epilogue, and director
Peter Jackson wrote the preface.
[141] In
October 2010, Abrams Books also released
The Making of Avatar, a 272-page book that detailed the film's production process and contains over 500 color photographs and illustrations.
[142]
In a 2009 interview, Cameron said that he planned to write a novel version of
Avatar after the film was released.
[143] In
February 2010, producer Jon Landau stated that Cameron plans a prequel novel for
Avatar that will "lead up to telling the story of the movie, but it would go into much more depth about all the stories that we didn't have time to deal with", saying that "Jim wants to write a novel that is a big, epic story that fills in a lot of things".
[144] In August 2013 it was announced that Cameron hired
Steven Gould to pen four standalone novels to expand the
Avatar universe.
[145]
Video games
Cameron chose
Ubisoft Montreal to create an
Avatar game for the film in 2007. The filmmakers and game developers collaborated heavily, and Cameron decided to include some of Ubisoft's vehicle and creature designs in the film.
[146] James Cameron's Avatar: The Game was released on
December 1, 2009,
[147] for most home video game consoles (
PS3,
Xbox 360,
Wii,
Nintendo DS,
iPhone),
Microsoft Windows and
December 8 for
PSP.
Action figures and postage stamps
Mattel Toys announced in December 2009 that it would be introducing a line of
Avatar action figures.
[148][149] Each action figure will be made with a 3-D web tag, called an i-TAG, that consumers can scan using a
web cam, revealing unique on-screen content that is special to each specific action figure.
[148] A series of toys representing six different characters from the film were also distributed globally in
McDonald's Happy Meals.
[150][151]
In December 2009,
France Post released a special limited edition stamp based on
Avatar, coinciding with the film's worldwide release.
[152]
Release
Initial screening
Avatar premiered in London on
December 10, 2009, and was released theatrically worldwide from
December 16 to 18.
[153] The film was originally set for release on
May 22, 2009, during filming,
[154] but was pushed back to allow more post-production time (the last shots were delivered in November),
[97] and to give more time for theatres worldwide to install 3D projectors.
[155] Cameron stated that the film's
aspect ratio would be 1.78:1 for 3D screenings and that a 2.39:1 image would be extracted for 2D screenings.
[156] However, a 3D 2.39:1 extract was approved for use with constant-image-height screens (i.e. screens which increase in width to display 2.39:1 films).
[157] During a 3D preview showing in Germany on
December 16, the movie's
DRM 'protection' system failed, and some copies delivered could not be watched at all in the theaters. The problems were fixed in time for the public premiere.
[158] Avatar was released in a total of 3,457 theatres in the US, of which 2,032 theatres ran it in 3D. In total 90% of all advance ticket sales for
Avatar were for 3D screenings.
[159]
Internationally,
Avatar opened on a total of 14,604 screens in 106 territories, of which 3,671 were showing the film in 3D (producing 56% of the first weekend gross).
[160][161] The film was simultaneously presented in
IMAX 3D format, opening in 178 theaters in the United States on
December 18. The international IMAX release included 58 theaters beginning on
December 16, and 25 more theaters were to be added in the coming weeks.
[162] The IMAX release was the company's widest to date, a total of 261 theaters worldwide. The previous IMAX record opening was
Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince, which opened in 161 IMAX theatres in the US, and about 70 international.
[163] 20th Century Fox Korea adapted and later released
Avatar in
4D version, which included "moving seats, smells of explosives, sprinkling water, laser lights and wind".
[22]
Box office
General
Avatar was released internationally on more than 14,000 screens.
[164] It earned $3,537,000 from midnight screenings
domestically (United States and Canada), with the initial 3D release limited to 2,200 screens.
[165] The film earned $26,752,099 on its opening day, and $77,025,481 over its opening weekend, making it the second-largest December opening ever behind
I Am Legend,
[25][166] the largest domestic opening weekend for a film not based on a franchise (topping
The Incredibles), the highest opening weekend for a film entirely in 3D (breaking
Up's record),
[167] the highest opening weekend for an environmentalist film (breaking
The Day After Tomorrow's record),
[168] and the 40th largest opening weekend in North America,
[5] despite
a blizzard that blanketed the
East Coast of the United States and reportedly hurt its opening weekend results.
[19][25][26] The film also set an IMAX opening weekend record, with 178 theaters generating approximately $9.5 million, 12% of the film's $77 million (at the time) North American gross on less than 3% of the screens.
[162]
International markets generating opening weekend tallies of at least $10 million were for Russia ($19.7 million), France ($17.4 million), the UK ($13.8 million), Germany ($13.3 million), South Korea ($11.7 million), Australia ($11.5 million) and Spain ($11.0 million).
[169] Avatar's worldwide gross was US$241.6 million after five days, the ninth largest opening-weekend gross of all time, and the largest for a non-franchise, non-sequel and original film.
[170] 58 international IMAX screens generated an estimated $4.1 million during the opening weekend.
[162]
Revenues in the film's second weekend decreased by only 1.8% in domestic markets, marking a rare occurrence,
[171] earning $75,617,183, to remain in first place at the box office
[172] and recording what was then the biggest second weekend of all time.
[173] The film experienced another marginal decrease in revenue in its third weekend, dropping 9.4% to $68,490,688 domestically, remaining in first place at the box office,
[174] to set a third-weekend record.
[175]
Avatar crossed the $1
billion mark on the 19th day of its international release, making it the first film to reach this mark in only 19 days.
[176] It became the fifth film grossing more than $1 billion worldwide, and the only film of 2009 to do so.
[177] In its fourth weekend,
Avatar continued to lead the box office domestically, setting a new all-time fourth-weekend record of $50,306,217,
[178] and becoming the highest-grossing 2009 release in the United States.
[179] In the film's fifth weekend, it set the
Martin Luther King Day weekend record, grossing $54,401,446,
[180] and set a fifth-weekend record with a take of $42,785,612.
[181] It held the top spot to set the sixth and seventh weekend records earning $34,944,081
[182] and $31,280,029
[183] respectively. It was the fastest film to gross $600 million domestically, on its 47th day in theatres.
[184]
On
January 31, it became the first film to earn over
$2 billion worldwide,
[185] and it became the first film to gross over
$700 million in the U.S. and Canada, on
February 27, after 72 days of release.
[186] It remained at number one at the domestic box office for seven consecutive weeks – the most consecutive No. 1 weekends since
Titanic spent 15 weekends at No.1 in 1997 and 1998
[187] – and also spent 11 consecutive weekends at the top of the box office outside the United States and Canada, breaking the record of nine consecutive weekends set by
Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest.
[188] By the end of its first theatrical release
Avatar had grossed $749,766,139 in the U.S. and Canada, and $1,999,298,189 in other territories, for a worldwide total of $2,749,064,328.
[5]
Including the revenue from a
re-release of Avatar featuring extended footage,
Avatar grossed $760,507,625 in the U.S. and Canada, and $2,027,457,462 in other countries for a worldwide total of $2,787,965,087
[5][6] with 72.7% of its total worldwide gross in international markets.
[5][6] Avatar has set a number of box office records during its release: on
January 25, 2010, it surpassed
Titanic's worldwide gross to become the
highest-grossing film of all time worldwide 41 days after its international release,
[189][190][191] just two days after taking the foreign box office record.
[192] On
February 2, 47 days after its domestic release,
Avatar surpassed
Titanic to become the
highest-grossing film of all time in Canada and the United States.
[193] It became the highest-grossing film of all time in at least 30 other countries
[194][195][196][197][198][199] and is the first film to earn over $2 billion in foreign box office receipts.
[28] IMAX ticket sales account for $243.3 million of its worldwide gross,
[200] more than double the previous record.
[201]
Box Office Mojo estimates that after adjusting for the rise in average ticket prices,
Avatar would be the 14th-highest-grossing film of all time in North America.
[202] Box Office Mojo also observes that the higher ticket prices for 3D and IMAX screenings have had a significant impact on
Avatar's gross; it estimated, on
April 21, 2010, that
Avatar had sold approximately
75 million tickets in North American theatres, more than any other film since 1999's
Star Wars Episode I: The Phantom Menace.
[203] On a worldwide basis, when
Avatar's gross stood at $2 billion just 35 days into its run,
The Daily Telegraph estimated its gross was surpassed by only
Gone with the Wind ($3.0 billion),
Titanic ($2.9 billion) and
Star Wars ($2.2 billion) after adjusting for inflation to 2010 prices,
[204] with
Avatar ultimately winding up with $2.8 billion by the end of its run in 2010.
[5] Reuters even placed it ahead of
Titanic after adjusting the global total for inflation.
[205]
Commercial analysis
Before its release, various film critics and
fan communities predicted the film would be a
significant disappointment at the box office, in line with predictions made for Cameron's previous blockbuster
Titanic.
[206][207][208] This criticism ranged from
Avatar's film budget, to its concept and use of 3-D "blue cat people".
[206][207] Slate magazine's Daniel Engber complimented the 3D effects, but criticized them for reminding him of certain CGI characters from the
Star Wars prequel films and for having the "
uncanny valley" effect.
[209] The New York Times noted that 20th Century Fox executives had decided to release
Alvin and the Chipmunks: The Squeakquel alongside
Avatar, calling it a "secret weapon" to cover any unforeseeable losses at the box-office.
[210]
"I think if everybody was embracing the film before the fact, the film could never live up to that expectation ... Have them go with some sense of wanting to find the answer."
James Cameron on criticism of Avatar before its release.[207]
Box office analysts, on the other hand, estimated that the film would be a box office success.
[206][211] "The holy grail of 3-D has finally arrived," said an analyst for Exhibitor Relations. "This is why all these 3-D venues were built: for
Avatar. This is the one. The behemoth."
[211] The "cautionary estimate" was that
Avatar would bring in around $60 million in its opening weekend. Others guessed higher.
[211][212] There were also analysts who believed that the film's three-dimensionality would help its box office performance, given that recent 3D films had been successful.
[206]
Cameron said he felt the pressure of the predictions, but that pressure is good for film-makers. "It makes us think about our audiences and what the audience wants," he stated. "We owe them a good time. We owe them a piece of good entertainment."
[207] Although he felt
Avatar would appeal to everyone and that the film could not afford to have a target
demographic,
[207] he especially wanted hard-core science-fiction fans to see it: "If I can just get 'em in the damn theater, the film will act on them in the way it's supposed to, in terms of taking them on an amazing journey and giving them this rich emotional experience."
[213] Cameron was aware of the sentiment that
Avatar would need significant "repeat business" just to make up for its budget and achieve box office success, and believed
Avatar could inspire the same "sharing" reaction as
Titanic. He said that film worked because, "When people have an experience that's very powerful in the movie theatre, they want to go share it. They want to grab their friend and bring them, so that they can enjoy it. They want to be the person to bring them the news that this is something worth having in their life."
[207]
After the film's release and unusually strong box office performance over its first two weeks, it was debated as the one film capable of surpassing
Titanic's worldwide gross, and its continued strength perplexed box office analysts.
[214] Other films in recent years had been cited as contenders for surpassing
Titanic, such as 2008's
The Dark Knight,
[215] but
Avatar was considered the first film with a genuine chance to do so, and its numbers being aided by higher ticket prices for 3D screenings
[214] did not fully explain its success to box office analysts. "Most films are considered to be healthy if they manage anything less than a 50% drop from their first weekend to their second. Dipping just 11% from the first to the third is unheard of," said Paul Dergarabedian, president of box-office analysis for Hollywood.com. "This is just unprecedented. I had to do a double take. I thought it was a miscalculation."
[171] Analysts predicted second place for the film's worldwide gross, but most were uncertain about it surpassing
Titanic because "Today's films flame out much faster than they did when
Titanic was released."
[171] Brandon Gray, president of Box Office Mojo, believed in the film's chances of becoming the highest-grossing film of all time, though he also believed it was too early to surmise because it had only played during the holidays. He said, "While
Avatar may beat
Titanic's record, it will be tough, and the film is unlikely to surpass
Titanic in attendance. Ticket prices were about $3 cheaper in the late 1990s."
[171] Cameron said he did not think it was realistic to "try to topple
Titanic off its perch" because it "just struck some kind of chord" and there had been other good films in recent years.
[216] He changed his prediction by mid-January. "It's gonna happen. It's just a matter of time," he said.
[217]
"You've got to compete head on with these other epic works of fantasy and fiction, the
Tolkiens and the
Star Wars and the
Star Treks. People want a persistent alternate reality to invest themselves in and they want the detail that makes it rich and worth their time. They want to live somewhere else. Like
Pandora."
James Cameron on the success of Avatar[218]
Though analysts have been unable to agree that
Avatar's success is attributable to one primary factor, several explanations have been advanced. First, January is historically "the dumping ground for the year's weakest films", and this also applied to 2010.
[219] Cameron himself said he decided to open the film in December so that it would have less competition from then to January.
[207] Titanic capitalized on the same January predictability, and earned most of its gross in 1998.
[219] Additionally,
Avatar established itself as a "must-see" event. Gray said, "At this point, people who are going to see
Avatar are going to see
Avatar and would even if the slate was strong."
[219] Marketing the film as a "novelty factor" also helped. Fox positioned the film as a cinematic event that should be seen in the theatres. "It's really hard to sell the idea that you can have the same experience at home," stated David Mumpower, an analyst at BoxOfficeProphets.com.
[219] The "
Oscar buzz" surrounding the film and international viewings helped. "Two-thirds of
Titanic's haul was earned overseas, and
Avatar [tracked] similarly ...
Avatar opened in 106 markets globally and was No. 1 in all of them", and the markets "such as Russia, where
Titanic saw modest receipts in 1997 and 1998, are white-hot today" with "more screens and moviegoers" than before.
[219]
According to
Variety, films in 3D accumulated $1.3 billion in 2009, "a threefold increase over 2008 and more than 10% of the total 2009 box-office gross". The increased ticket price – an average of $2 to $3 per ticket in most markets – helped the film.
[219] Likewise,
Entertainment Weekly attributed the film's success to 3D glasses, but also to its "astronomic
word-of-mouth". Not only do some theaters charge up to $18.50 for IMAX tickets, but "the buzz" created by the new technology was the possible cause for sold-out screenings.
[220] Gray said
Avatar having no basis in previously established material makes its performance remarkable and even more impressive. "The movie might be derivative of many movies in its story and themes," he said, "but it had no direct antecedent like the other top-grossing films:
Titanic (historical events), the
Star Wars movies (an established film franchise), or
The Lord of the Rings (literature). It was a tougher sell ..."
[219]
Critical reception
- See also: Themes in Avatar for more reviews
The film received mostly positive reviews. On review aggregator
Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a rating of 83% based on 293 reviews, with a
rating average of 7.5/10. The site's consensus reads "It might be more impressive on a technical level than as a piece of storytelling, but
Avatar reaffirms James Cameron's singular gift for imaginative, absorbing filmmaking."
[221] On
Metacritic — which assigns a weighted mean score, the film has a score of 83 out of 100 based on 35 critics, indicating "universal acclaim".
[222] CinemaScore polls conducted during the opening weekend revealed the average grade cinemagoers gave
Avatar was "A" on an A+ to F scale. Every demographic surveyed was reported to give this rating. These polls also indicated that the main draw of the film was its use of
3D.
[223]
Roger Ebert of the
Chicago Sun-Times called the film "extraordinary" and gave it four stars out of four. "Watching
Avatar, I felt sort of the same as when I saw
Star Wars in 1977," he said, adding that like
Star Wars and
The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring, the film "employs a new generation of special effects" and it "is not simply a sensational entertainment, although it is that. It's a technical breakthrough. It has a flat-out Green and anti-war message".
[224] A. O. Scott of
At The Movies also compared his viewing of the film to the first time he viewed
Star Wars and he said "although the script is a little bit ... obvious," it was "part of what made it work".
[225] Todd McCarthy of
Variety praised the film, saying "The King of the World sets his sights on creating another world entirely in
Avatar, and it's very much a place worth visiting."
[226] Kirk Honeycutt of
The Hollywood Reporter gave the film a positive review. "The screen is alive with more action and the soundtrack pops with more robust music than any dozen sci-fi shoot-'em-ups you care to mention," he stated.
[227] Peter Travers of
Rolling Stone awarded
Avatar a three-and-a-half out of four star rating and wrote in his print review "It extends the possibilities of what movies can do. Cameron's talent may just be as big as his dreams."
[228] Richard Corliss of
Time magazine thought that the film was "the most vivid and convincing creation of a fantasy world ever seen in the history of moving pictures."
[229] Kenneth Turan of the
Los Angeles Times thought the film has "powerful" visual accomplishments but "flat dialogue" and "obvious characterization".
[230] James Berardinelli of
ReelViews praised the film and its story, giving it four out of four stars; he wrote "In 3-D, it's immersive – but the traditional film elements – story, character, editing, theme, emotional resonance, etc. – are presented with sufficient expertise to make even the 2-D version an engrossing 2½-hour experience."
[231]
Avatar's underlying social and political themes attracted attention.
Armond White of the
New York Press wrote that Cameron used "villainous American characters" to "misrepresent facets of
militarism, capitalism, and
imperialism".
[232][233] Russell D. Moore of
The Christian Post concluded that "propaganda exists in the film" and stated "If you can get a theater full of people in
Kentucky to stand and applaud the defeat of their country in war, then you've got some amazing special effects."
[234] Some commentators sympathetic to
anarcho-primitivism have even praised the film as a manifesto for their cause.
[235][236] Adam Cohen of
The New York Times was more positive about the film, calling its
anti-imperialist message "a 22nd-century version of the
American colonists vs. the British,
India vs. the Raj, or Latin America vs.
United Fruit".
[237] Ross Douthat of
The New York Times opined that the film is "Cameron's long
apologia for
pantheism ... Hollywood's religion of choice for a generation now",
[238] while Saritha Prabhu of
The Tennessean called the film a "misportrayal of pantheism and
Eastern spirituality in general",
[239] and Maxim Osipov of
The Hindustan Times, on the contrary, commended the film's message for its overall consistency with the teachings of Hinduism in the
Bhagavad Gita.
[240] Annalee Newitz of
io9 concluded that
Avatar is another film that has the recurring "fantasy about race" whereby "some white guy" becomes the "most awesome" member of a non-white culture.
[241] Michael Phillips of the
Chicago Tribune called
Avatar "the season's ideological
Rorschach blot",
[242] while
Miranda Devine of
The Sydney Morning Herald thought that "It [was] impossible to watch Avatar without being banged over the head with the director's ideological hammer."
[243] Nidesh Lawtoo believed that an essential, yet less visible social theme that contributed to
Avatar's success concerns contemporary fascinations with virtual avatars and "the transition from the world of reality to that of virtual reality.".
[244]
Critics and audiences have cited similarities with other films, literature or media, describing the perceived connections in ways ranging from simple "borrowing" to outright plagiarism.
Ty Burr of the
Boston Globe called it "the same movie" as
Dances with Wolves.
[245] Like
Dances with Wolves,
Avatar has been characterized as being a
"white savior" movie, in which a "backwards" native people is impotent without the leadership of a member of the invading white culture.
[246][247] Parallels to the concept and use of an avatar are in
Poul Anderson's 1957 novelette "
Call Me Joe", in which a paralyzed man uses his mind from orbit to control an artificial body on Jupiter.
[248][249] Cinema audiences in Russia have noted that
Avatar has elements in common with the 1960s
Noon Universe novels by
Arkady and Boris Strugatsky, which are set in the 22nd century on a forested world called Pandora with a sentient indigenous species called the Nave.
[250] Various reviews have compared
Avatar to the films
FernGully: The Last Rainforest,
[251][252] Pocahontas[253] and
The Last Samurai.[254] NPR's
Morning Edition has compared the film to a montage of
tropes, with one commentator stating that
Avatar was made by "mixing a bunch of film scripts in a blender".
[255] Gary Westfahl wrote that "the science fiction story that most closely resembles
Avatar has to be
Ursula K. Le Guin's novella "
The Word for World Is Forest" (1972), another epic about a benevolent race of alien beings who happily inhabit dense forests while living in harmony with nature until they are attacked and slaughtered by invading human soldiers who believe that the only good
gook is a dead gook."
[256] The science fiction writer and editor
Gardner Dozois said that along with the Anderson and Le Guin stories, the "mash-up" included
Alan Dean Foster's 1975 novel,
Midworld.
[257] Some sources saw similarities to the artwork of
Roger Dean, which featured
fantastic images of floating rock formations and dragons.
[258][259] In 2013, Dean sued Cameron and Fox, claiming that Pandora was inspired by 14 of his images. Dean sought damages of $50m.
[260] Dean's case was dismissed in 2014, and
The Hollywood Reporter noted that Cameron has won multiple
Avatar idea theft cases.
[261]
Avatar received compliments from filmmakers, with
Steven Spielberg praising it as "the most evocative and amazing science-fiction movie since
Star Wars" and others calling it "audacious and awe inspiring", "master class", and "brilliant". Noted art director-turned-filmmaker
Roger Christian is also a noted fan of the film.
[262] On the other hand,
Duncan Jones said: "It's not in my top three James Cameron films. ... [A]t what point in the film did you have any doubt what was going to happen next?".
[263] For French filmmaker
Luc Besson,
Avatar opened the doors for him to now create
an adaptation of the graphic novel series
Valérian and Laureline that technologically supports the scope of its source material, with Besson even throwing his original script in the trash and redoing it after seeing the film.
[264] TIME ranked
Avatar number 3 in their list of "The 10 Greatest Movies of the Millennium (Thus Far)"
[265] also earning it a spot on the magazine's
All-TIME 100 list,
[266] and
IGN listed
Avatar as number 22 on their list of the top 25 Sci-Fi movies of all time.
[267]
Accolades
Avatar won the
82nd Academy Awards for
Best Art Direction,
Best Cinematography, and
Best Visual Effects, and was nominated for a total of nine, including
Best Picture and
Best Director.
[30] Avatar also won the
67th Golden Globe Awards for
Best Motion Picture – Drama and
Best Director, and was nominated for two others.
[268] At the
36th Saturn Awards,
Avatar won all ten awards it was nominated for:
Best Science Fiction Film,
Best Actor,
Best Actress,
Best Supporting Actor,
Best Supporting Actress,
Best Director,
Best Writing,
Best Music, Best Production Design and
Best Special Effects.
The
New York Film Critics Online honored the film with its Best Picture award.
[269] The film also won the
Critics' Choice Awards of the
Broadcast Film Critics Association for Best Action Film and several technical categories, out of nine nominations.
[270] It won two of the St. Louis Film Critics awards: Best Visual Effects and Most Original, Innovative or Creative Film.
[271] The film also won the
British Academy of Film and Television Arts (BAFTA) award for Production Design and Special Visual Effects, and was nominated for seven others, including Best Film and Director.
[272] The film has received numerous other major awards, nominations and honors.
Extended theatrical re-release
In July 2010, Cameron confirmed that there would be an extended theatrical re-release of the film on
August 27, 2010, exclusively in 3D theaters and IMAX 3D.
[273] Avatar: Special Edition includes an additional nine minutes of footage, all of which is
CG,
[274] including an extension of the sex scene
[275] and various other scenes that were cut from the original theatrical film.
[274] This extended re-release resulted in the film's run time approaching the current IMAX platter maximum of 170 minutes, thereby leaving less time for the end credits. Cameron stated that the nine minutes of added scenes cost more than
$1 million a minute to produce and finish.
[4] During its 12-week re-release,
Avatar: Special Edition grossed an additional $10.74 million in North America and $22.46 million overseas for a worldwide total of $33.2 million.
[5]
Home media
20th Century Fox Home Entertainment released the film on DVD and
Blu-ray in the US on
April 22, 2010
[276] and in the UK on
April 26.
[277] The US release was not on a Tuesday as is the norm, but was done to coincide with
Earth Day.
[278] The first DVD and Blu-ray release does not contain any supplemental features other than the theatrical film and the disc menu in favor of and to make space for optimal picture and sound. The release also preserves the film's native 1.78:1 (
16:9) format as Cameron felt that was the best format to watch the film.
[279] The Blu-ray disc contains
DRM (
BD+ 5) which some Blu-ray players might not support without a
firmware update.
[280][281]
Avatar set a first-day launch record in the U.S. for Blu-ray sales at 1.5 million units sold, breaking the record previously held by
The Dark Knight (600,000 units sold). First-day DVD and Blu-ray sales combined were over four million units sold.
[282] In its first four days of release, sales of
Avatar on Blu-ray reached 2.7 million in the United States and Canada – overtaking
The Dark Knight to become the best ever selling Blu-ray release in the region.
[283][284] The release later broke the Blu-ray sales record in the UK the following week.
[285] In its first three weeks of release, the film sold a total of
19.7 million DVD and Blu-ray discs combined, a new record for sales in that period.
[286] As of
July 18, 2012, DVD sales (not including Blu-ray) totaled over
10.5 million units sold with
$190,806,055 in revenue.
[287] Avatar retained its record as the top-selling Blu-ray in the US market until January 2015 when Disney's
Frozen surpassed it.
[288]
The
Avatar Three-Disc Extended Collector's Edition on DVD and Blu-ray was released on
November 16, 2010. Three different versions of the film are present on the discs: the original theatrical cut, the special edition cut, and a collector's extended cut
[289] (with the DVD set spreading them on two discs, but the Blu-ray set presenting them on a single disc). The collector's extended cut contains 6 more minutes of footage, thus making it 16 minutes longer than the original theatrical cut. Cameron mentioned, "you can sit down, and in a continuous screening of the film, watch it with the Earth opening". He stated the "Earth opening" is an additional 4½ minutes of scenes that were in the film for much of its production but were ultimately cut before the film's theatrical release.
[290] The release also includes an additional 45 minutes of deleted scenes and other extras.
[289]
Cameron initially stated that
Avatar would be released in 3D around
November 2010, but the studio issued a correction: "3-D is in the conceptual stage and
Avatar will not be out on 3D Blu-ray in November."
[291] In
May 2010, Fox stated that the 3D version would be released some time in 2011.
[286] It was later revealed that Fox had given
Panasonic an exclusive license for the 3D Blu-ray version and only with the purchase of a Panasonic
3DTV. The length of Panasonic's exclusivity period is stated to last until
February 2012.
[292] On
October 2010, Cameron stated that the standalone 3D Blu-ray would be the final version of the film's home release and that it was, "maybe one, two years out".
[293] On Christmas Eve 2010,
Avatar had its 3D television world premiere on
Sky.
[294][295][296]
On August 13, 2012, Cameron announced on Facebook that
Avatar would be released globally on Blu-ray 3D.
[297] The Blu-ray 3D version was finally released on October 16, 2012.
[298]
Sequels
In 2006, Cameron stated that if
Avatar was successful, he hoped to make two
sequels to the film.
[299] In 2010, he said the film's widespread success confirmed that he would do so.
[300] He included certain scenes in the first film for future story follow-ups.
[299][301] Cameron planned to shoot the sequels
back-to-back and to begin work "once the novel is nailed down".
[302] He stated that the sequels would widen the universe while exploring other moons of
Polyphemus.
[291] The first sequel would focus on the ocean of Pandora and also feature more of the rainforest.
[303] He intended to capture footage for this sequel at the bottom of the
Mariana Trench using a deepwater submersible.
[304] In 2011, Cameron stated that he was just starting to design the ocean ecosystem of Pandora and the other worlds to be included in the story. The storyline, although continuing the environmental theme of the first film, would not be "strident" since the film will concentrate on entertainment.
[305]
The sequels would continue to follow the characters of Jake and Neytiri.
[306] Cameron implied that the humans would return as the antagonists of the story.
[307] Worthington and Saldana signed on to reprise their roles in the sequels.
[301] In 2010, Cameron confirmed that
Sigourney Weaver[308] and
Stephen Lang were also expected to return despite the demise of their characters.
[309] The sequels were originally scheduled for release in
December 2014 and 2015.
[310] In 2011, Cameron stated his intention to film the sequels at a
higher frame rate than the industry standard 24 frames per second, in order to add a heightened sense of reality.
[311][312]
In 2012, Cameron first mentioned a possible third sequel.
[313] That year, Cameron stated that the sequels were being written as "separate stories that have an overall arc inclusive of the first film", with the second having a clear conclusion instead of a
cliffhanger to the next film. Cameron expected to release
Avatar 2 in 2015.
[314] In 2013, it was confirmed that there would be three sequels. Screenwriters were also announced:
Josh Friedman for the first,
Rick Jaffa and Amanda Silver for the second, and
Shane Salerno for the third. Production was rescheduled for 2014 with the films to be released in December 2016, 2017, and 2018.
[315] Steven Gould was engaged to write four novels based on the films.
[316] Later that year, Cameron announced that the sequels would be filmed in New Zealand, with performance capture to take place in 2014. An agreement with the
New Zealand government required at least one world premiere to be held in Wellington and at least
NZ$500 million (approximately US$410 million at December 2013 exchange rates) to be spent on production activity in New Zealand, including live-action filming and visual effects. The New Zealand government announced it would raise its baseline tax rebate for filmmaking from 15% to 20%, with 25% available to international productions in some cases and 40% for New Zealand productions (as defined by section 18 of the
New Zealand Film Commission Act 1978).
[317][318]
In April 2014, Cameron expected to finish the three scripts within six weeks, stating that all three sequels would be in production simultaneously and were still slated for December 2016 to 2018 releases.
[319][320] He stated that although Friedman, Jaffa and Silver, and Salerno are each co-writing one sequel with him, they at first all worked together on all three scripts: "I didn't assign each writer which film they were going to work on until the last day. I knew if I assigned them their scripts ahead of time, they'd tune out every time we were talking about the other movie."
[321][322] "We... worked out every beat of the story across all three films so it all connects as one, sort of, three-film saga."
[323] Cameron also stated that Weaver would be featured in all three sequels and that her character Grace Augustine would be alive.
[324] In March 2015, however, Weaver said that she will play a new character in the next film.
[325]
By 2015, the scheduled release dates for the sequels were each delayed by another year, with the first sequel expected to be released in December 2017; Cameron called the writing process "a complex job".
[326][327] In June 2015,
James Horner, who was reported to be engaged to write music for the franchise, was killed in a plane crash.
[328] In December, Cameron stated that he was "doing another pass through all three scripts ... Just refining. That's in parallel with the design process. The design process is very mature at this point. We've been designing for about a year and a half. All the characters, settings and creatures are all pretty much [set]."
[329] The following month, Fox announced a further release delay.
[330]
As of February 2016, production of the sequels was scheduled to begin in April 2016 in New Zealand.
[331] In April 2016, Cameron announced at CinemaCon that there will be four
Avatar sequels, all of which will be filmed simultaneously, with release dates in December 2018, 2020, 2022 and 2023, respectively.
[332][333] In late October 2016, Cameron stated that he is going to push for
"glasses-free 3D" with the sequels.
[334]
In February 2017, the media website
My Entertainment World stated that
Avatar 2 had entered production and shooting would start on August 15, 2017, with
Manhattan Beach, California as the main shooting location.
[335][336][337][338][339] Cameron confirmed the upcoming shooting, and that the writing of all four sequels was now complete.
[340] The following sequels are expected to start shooting right after
Avatar 2 wraps filming.
[341] The following month, Cameron revealed that
Avatar 2 would not be released in 2018, as originally believed.
[342] The sequel release dates were announced as starting on Dec. 18, 2020, for
Avatar 2, Dec. 17, 2021 for
Avatar 3, Dec. 20, 2024 for
Avatar 4, and Dec. 19, 2025 for
Avatar 5.
[33]
Related media
Stage adaptation
Toruk - The First Flight is an original stage production by the
Montreal-based
Cirque du Soleil which premiered in November 2015 and has been touring other cities since 2016. Inspired by
Avatar, the story is set in Pandora's past, involving a prophecy concerning a threat to the Tree of Souls and a quest for totems from different tribes. Audience members can download an
app in order to participate in show effects. On January 18, 2016, it was announced via the Toruk Facebook page that filming for an upcoming DVD has been completed and is currently undergoing editing.
[343]
Theme park attraction
In 2011, Cameron, Lightstorm, and Fox entered an exclusive licensing agreement with
The Walt Disney Company to feature
Avatar-themed attractions at
Walt Disney Parks and Resorts worldwide, including a themed land for
Disney's Animal Kingdom in
Lake Buena Vista, Florida. The area, known as
Pandora – The World of Avatar, opened on May 27, 2017
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